Factional Distillation of Crude Oil

8. 2. 1 (iv) aliquot Distillation of unmannerly cover By Blake Turner Year 11 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Introduction Crude oil is the term for unprocessed oil, the stuff that comes out of the ground. It is also known as petroleum. Crude oil is a fossil fuel, meaning that it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years ago most places you can find boisterous oil were once sea beds. Crude oils vary in colour, from clear to tar-black, and in viscosity, from water to almost solid. On average, in the buff oils ar made of the next elements or compounds * Carbon 84% Hydrogen 14% * Sulphur 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) * Nitrogen slight than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) * Oxygen less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids) * Metals less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic) * Salts less than 1% (sodium c hloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride) The Process Fractional Distillation The oldest and most common way to key things into various components (called fractions), is to do it using the contrasts in boiling temperature.This process is called fractional distillation. You basically heat crude oil up, let it vaporize and then narrow the dehydration The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows 1. You heat the mixture of two or more substances ( fluents) with different boiling points to a high temperature.Heating is usually done with high pressure travel to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixture boils, forming vapor (gases) most substances go into the vapor phas e. 3. The vapor enters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They extend the contact time between the vapor and the crystallines in the column and help to collect liquids that form at various heights in the column.There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. The vapor rises in the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, it cools. 6. When a substance in the vapour reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substances boiling point, it will condense to form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column. ). 7.The trays collect the various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liquid fractions may pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they may go to other areas for further chemical processing. Components of the Mixture Crude Oil Components All the . Product Boiling point ( degrees Celsius ) Petroleum gas 40 Naphtha or ligroin 60-100 Gasoline 40 205 Kerosene 175-325 Gas oil 250-350 Lubricating oil 300-370 obese gas 370-600 Residues 600 Products of Separation Assessment Question Why is the mixture separated?What are the components used for? Why is Mixture Separated? 42393793 161b What are the Components Used For? infra is a list of separated components and what they are used for Petroleum gas Used for heating, cooking and reservation plastics. Commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane. Naphtha or Ligroin Intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline. Gasoline Motor fuel. liquid Kerosene Fuel for jet engines and tractors starting genuine for making other products. liquid Gas Oil or Dies el DistillateUsed for diesel fuel and heating oil starting material for making other products. liquid Lubricating Oil Used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants. liquid Heavy Gas or Fuel oil Used for industrial fuel starting material for making other products. liquid Residuals Coke, asphalt, tar, waxes starting material for making other products solid Wastes Bibliography http//science. howstuffworks. com/environmental/energy/oil-refining4. htm http//www. aip. com. au/industry/fact_refine. htm www. theoildrum. com/node/6089 en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Separation_process