Renzo Piano †Favourite Artist Essay

Renzo Piano is a famous architect renowned for his unique approach to design and his philosophy. He was born into a family of builders and he continued on the tradition of â€Å"making things† as he puts it, by designing some award winning & famous buildings, including the Georges Pompidou Centre in Paris, France, the San Nicola Stadium in Bari, Italy, the Kansai International Airport, Osaka, Japan and the Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia. Renzo’s work is highly regarded as art. Each building is innovative, well detailed and each designed with a unique approach. Renzo views light as a â€Å"building material† and this is obvious throughout all of his projects. Born in 1937 in Genoa, Italy, Renzo studied at the University of Florence and the Milan Polytechnic. Following his graduation from architecture school in 1964, he worked in his father’s construction company where he got the chance to design, under the guidance of Franco Albini. Renzo formed his own practice in 1965 before joining Richard Rogers in 1971. It was his last collaboration with Richard Rogers on the controversial Georges Pompidou Centre, in 1977 that initially brought him fame. In 1978 Renzo began a long period of collaboration with Irish engineer Peter Rice, which would produce many fine buildings. Renzo then created the Renzo Piano Building Workshop in 1981, with studios in Genoa and Paris. He received the RIBA Gold Medal in 1989 and the prestigious Pritzker Prize in 1998. Inspirations Renzo lists the Renaissance architect, Filippo Brunelleschi among his many inspirations. Brunelleschi, who is famous for inventions including heavy lifting mechanisms based on the inner workings of a clock and linear perspective, was a true innovator and experimenter. In addition to his 15th century idol, Renzo pays homage to Jean Prouvà ©Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ of France with whom he formed a friendship while working in collaboration with Louis Kahn in Philadelphia and Z. S. Makowsky in London. Louis Kahn was regarded as a philosopher among architects, he didn’t have many projects (only 25 or so) but he has inspired hundreds. His work infused the â€Å"International Style†. Two other important influences he acknowledges were Buckminster Fuller and Pier Luigi Nervi. Family Renzo was born into a family of builders. His grandfather, his father, four uncles and a brother were all contractors, and he admits, he should have been one too. He was seventeen when he approached his father with the idea of going to architecture school. â€Å"Why do you want to be just an architect? You can be a builder,† was his father’s response which has never been forgotten. Renzo states that as the main reason for naming his architecture studio the Renzo Piano Building Workshop, rather than Piano Architects & Associates. While still studying in Milan, Renzo married a girl he had known from school days in Genoa, Magda Arduino. They have three children, two of which have carried on the Piano family tradition, with their son Matteo becoming an industrial designer and their daughter Lia an architect. Renzo & Magda separated during construction of the Georges Pompidou Centre as Magda preferred to be in Genoa, but Renzo was required in Paris. Renzo met Emilia Rossato when she came to work for him. They were married in 1992 by Jacques Chirac, then the Mayor of Paris who supported the construction of the Georges Pompidou Centre through the many crises. Renzo’s first important commission was in 1969 to design the Italian Industry Pavilion at Expo ‘70 in Osaka. His late brother, Ermanno, built and installed the pavilion and a number of other projects before his premature death in 1993. Georges Pompidou Centre, completed 1977. Renzo Piano’s association with Richard Rogers led to many interesting buildings, but it is the Georges Pompidou Centre, in Paris which brought them fame. One of his original ideas for the Centre had been to build a giant inverted pyramid but his clear belief in functionality and logic led him and Rogers to opt for the clarity of the giant rectangle of a city block. Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes for plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements are red. Although in recent renovations, this colour coding has been partially removed, and many of the elements are simply painted white. During the planning and construction stages of the project the Pompidou was very controversial, with various court cases and public protests holding up completion, but it has since become exactly what Piano and Rogers wanted it to be, â€Å"a joyful urban machine.† Despite often being described as â€Å"High Tech† Renzo gets very annoyed if the Pompidou Centre is described as such. Instead he prefers it described as â€Å"a double provocation: a challenge to academicism, but also a parody of the technological imagery of our time†. The building itself created over a hundred thousand square meters in the heart of Paris, devoted to the figurative arts, music, industrial design, and literature. In the three decades since it opened, over a 200 million people have visited it, averaging more than 25,000 people per day which shows its overwhelming success. San Nicola Stadium completed 1989. Renzo Piano and Peter Rice collaborated on the design of the San Nicola Stadium in Bari, Italy which was built for the World Cup, Italia ‘90. The stadium was built of one basic material, concrete. The shape of the stands and the beams clearly reveals the modularity of the structure. The entire ellipse of the stadium is made up of 26 â€Å"petals†, each assembled out of 310 crescent shaped elements, which were prefabricated on site. Each petal is supported by just four pillars. Although these supports are fairly massive, the well thought out design makes the petals appear to rise above the banked ground as if they are floating. The gaps between the petals let the light and colour of the landscape into the stadium. Usually, concave structures tend to induce claustrophobia however the transparency achieved with the vertical cuts reduces this effect, and contributes to a more relaxed enjoyment of the sport. Renzo Piano Building Workshop, Genoa The Renzo Piano Building Workshop was built in 1989 on the coast west of Genoa. Perched on the rocks and surrounded by the sea and mountains, Renzo describes this creation as â€Å"half rock, half ship†. In fact, the place is called Punta Nave, meaning Ship Rock. Renzo believes â€Å"Creating something is difficult enough, but putting yourself in the right state to create something is even more difficult† and says of this studio, â€Å"here I find calm, silence and concentration†. Overlooking the Mediterranean and surrounded by beautiful scenery, the setting provides an â€Å"inspiring ambience†. Renzo and his brother Ermanno’s firm collaborated with UNESCO to build a plant research station and workshop on the same site. UNESCO scientists are now growing and studying bamboo, agave and cane in the building and the surrounding lands. Kansai International Airport, completed 1990. Before entering the competition for the Kansai Airport, Renzo, wished to visit the site, as is normal procedure. In this case it involved a boat trip which led to a moment of embarrassment, as at a certain point on the open sea, one of Renzo’s party asked where the airport was to be, only to be told, â€Å"Here.† Since Osaka had no room for an airport, the local authorities decided to build an artificial island for it in the bay. Not a small island either, on completion it would be 15 square kilometres. Renzo describes the structure as â€Å"a missing link between ground and airplane† as it â€Å"spreads over the island like a glider†. At 1.7 kilometres long, it’s one of the world’s largest buildings and as the terminal caters one hundred thousand passengers per day, it’s also one of the busiest. A testament to Renzo’s quest for technological and site sensitive design considerations is that during the Kobe earthquake of 1995, there was not a single pane of broken glass at Kansai, despite being exactly the same distance from the epicentre as Kobe, which suffered severe damage. Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre in Noumea The Renzo Piano Building Workshop won an international competition in 1991 to design the Tjibaou Cultural Centre in Noumea, a Pacific island territory in New Caledonia. The French government built this centre which is named after the late Jean Marie Tjibaou, to record and exhibit the culture of the Kanak people. Renzo’s concept is a genuine village composed on ten structures of different sizes and functions, the largest being as tall as a nine story building. The ten structures of the centre are organized into three villages: one is devoted to exhibitions; another is for administrative staff & historians; the third is for creative activities such as dance, painting, sculpture and music. The buildings are, as Piano puts it, â€Å"an expression of the harmonious relationship with the environment, that is typical of the local culture. They are curved structures resembling huts, built out of wooden joists and ribs; they are containers of an archaic appearance, whose interiors are equipped with all the possibilities offered by modern technology†. As Colin Amery (Special Advisor to the World Monuments Fund) put it, â€Å"there was a real danger that a western architect could have presented a scheme that was a kitsch rendering of traditional styles, but Renzo and his colleagues were more than aware of this possible pitfall and it is a tribute to their approach that their design appears indigenous while being contemporary†. Renzo won the competition because he did not arrive in the islands imposing his designs and ideas on the community. He listened to the client’s requirements, traditions and ideas in order to create a personalised design that is sensitive to the delicate and beautiful setting. Renzo states â€Å"There is always the temptation to impose one’s own design, one’s own way of thinking or, even worse, one’s own style. I believe, instead, that a light approach is needed. Light, but without abandoning the stubbornness that enables you to put forward your own ideas whilst being permeable to the ideas of others†. Conclusion Renzo Piano’s architecture has been described as a â€Å"rare melding of art, architecture, and engineering in a truly remarkable synthesis† and he has been compared to Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo for his innovation. While his designs incorporate the most current technology, his roots are clearly in the classic Italian philosophy and tradition. He is also intensely concerned with issues of habitability and sustainable architecture in a constantly changing world. Renzo’s designs are the result of analysis and research and are the best, practical answers to specific problems. As Colin Amery said, â€Å"there is a sense in all his works of a problem solved† and â€Å"He may try an experiment to solve the problem but he will not build anything that is not an intelligent solution†. What is Architecture? This is a topic on which Renzo encourages open discussion. In his words he describes architecture as â€Å"a service, in the most literal sense of the term. It is an art that produces things that serve a purpose. But it is also a socially dangerous art, because it is an imposed art. You can put down a bad book; you can avoid listening to bad music; but you cannot miss the ugly tower block opposite your house. And architecture is an ancient profession; perhaps the world’s oldest, a little like hunting, fishing, farming, exploring the seas. These are man’s original activities from which all others stem. Immediately after the search for food, we find the search for shelter; at a certain point, man was no longer content with the refuges offered by nature and became an architect†. In my opinion, Renzo Piano has more to offer than beautiful, purposeful buildings. I believe that his philosophies can be applied to all design disciplines. My interpretations of Renzo’s beliefs are: Embrace technology, but respect the theories, practices and traditions of the past. Good design is a union of technology and art. Listen to the client’s requirements rather than imposing your own ideas. You’re designs should be practical, innovative and effective. Pay attention to detail, for it’s the finest details that have the longest lasting effect. Don’t stick to one style; treat every project as a new adventure. If you don’t, you risk becoming bored and will gradually loose inspiration. Experiment with materials and processes in order to gain an understanding of what is possible, rather than abiding by the limits imposed by what you already know, or think you know.

Finding the Ratio of Moles of Reactants in a Chemical Equation

Finding the Ratio of Moles of Reactants in a Chemical Reaction Purpose: The goal of the lab is to determine the mole ratio of two reactants in a chemical reaction (AgNO3 and K2CrO4). However, the formulas for the products are unknown. Introduction: When determining the molar ratio of a chemical equation, usually the formulas of the reactants and the products are known. With that information, it is particularly easy to determine the ratio. However, since the products and the formulas for the products are unknown, another property of the reaction must be analyzed to find the ratio.This property depends on the amount of the product formed or on the amount of reactant that remains. Properties may include the color intensity due to the product, the mass of the precipitate that forms, or the volume of a gas evolved. In this experiment, the method of continuous variations will be used to determine the mole ratio of two reactants. With this method, the total number of moles of reactants is k ept constant for the series of measurements. The property that is going to be measured is the change in temperature.The temperature change, or the heat produced, will be directly proportional to the amount of reaction occurs and to the total extent of it. The optimum ratio, which is the ratio of the reactants in the balanced chemical reaction, will form the greatest amount of product, or generate the most heat, and will be key to determining the molar ratio. Corrosive liquids, which burn the skin, will be used in the experiment. When this liquid reacts with acid, a toxic gas will formed. Keep away from the gas and protect your skin and clothing.Work in a fume hood or well-ventilated lab. Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical-resistant gloves, and a chemical-resistant apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory. The molar ratio of the reactants is the ultimate goal of the lab. In order to achieve that, secondary observations on the temperature chan ge will have to be made and analyzed. The data and graph made after the data is attained will assist in that. Procedure: 1) Obtain 2 beakers with 175mL of NaClO in one and 175mL of â€Å"Solution B† in another. ) Measure the temperature of each and make sure they are the same. 3) Measure 5. 0mL of NaClO and 45. 0mL of â€Å"Solution B† with the appropriate graduated cylinders and add them to a Styrofoam cup. 4) Stir the solution with a thermometer, and record the max temperature reached. 5) Pour the solution out, rinse the cup, and repeat steps 1-4 using a different ratio of the two substances, keeping the total volume at 50. 0mL. 6) Continue testing various ratios until you have at least 3 measurements on either side of the peak temperature difference.Conclusion: When the formula of the products are unknown in a chemical reaction, experiments must be done to find the mole ratio of the reactants. In our experiment, we used the method of continous variations to determin e to the mole ratio of the two reactants. The property measured was the change of temperature, as indicated in the data table. The method of continous variations keeps the total number of moles of reactants constant through a series of titrations.Each titration varies the mole fraction of each reaction from mixture to mixture by adjusting the ratio of NaClO to Na2SO3, which is also indicated in the data table. Theoretically, the maximum temperature change occurs when teh mole fraction of the reactants is closest to the actual stoichiometric mole ratio, which signals the mole ratio based on the mole fraction in the titration. According to the analysis, the mole ratio is 1:2 in the order of NaClO to Na2SO3.This ratio was concluded by the graph, in which the lines of best fit were extrapolated to intersect at the optimum ratio point. However, there was room for error when measuring the liquids in each titration. The measurements weren't always exact which could affect the change in tem perature. Also, when measuring the temperature it might not have been exact due to inconsistent stirring. Nonetheless, the goal of the lab was to find the mole ratio of the two reactants and it was concluded to be 1:2.

Freud and Erikson

This first paper is going to be about a case study on a 7 year old kid named Gary. Gary is wheelchair bound and has Muscular Dystrophy and has been home-schooled until now. He seemed to be doing fine in school, but he has been crying after school and not wanting to go monday mornings. We have to try and figure out why Gary is feeling this way. I will be using and comparing Erikson’s Psychological Theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to analyze why the case study subject might be acting this way. Erikson’s Psychological Theory is based around Freuds’s Stages of Development, but with further stages and not always based around sex and aggression like Freud uses. Erikson’s Theory contains eight stages: Trust v. mistrust (birth to two years of age), autonomy v. shame/ doubt (two to four years), initiative v. guilt (four to six years), industry v. inferiority/ diffusion (six to twelve years), identity v. identity confusion (adolescence), intimacy v. isolation (young adulthood), generatively v. tagnation (middle adulthood), and ego integrity v. despair (late adulthood to death). The first four stages match up pretty well with Freud’s Theory’s stages, with an additional four stages about adulthood at the end. Two big things about Erikson’s Theory is that success builds on previous stages and that failure is cumulative (Morrison, lecture, 2011). I can apply Erikson’s Theory to the case study with Gary in a couple of ways. The first observation I can make is that Gary is his wetting the bed problem. If he hasn’t done it in years, why is he doing it now? Gary has probably failed to succeed in the autonomy v. shame stage of development. It doesn’t say how long Gary has been in a wheelchair, but my guess is quite awhile. Even if it was after his toilet training years, he had to re-learn how to go by himself when he was given a wheelchair. This might have gone smoothly when he was at home with the help of his loving and supportive parents, but he probably doesn’t trust in teachers or aids to help him if he needs it. He feels ashamed of himself for not being able to go flawlessly like at home, and these feelings of shame are causing other problems in school also. This GREATLY affects his self esteem levels and disturbs the rest of his school life. Another angle of looking at Gary’s problems is he isn’t succeeding in the industry v. inferiority stage. This stage is about learning in school and communicating and is a very social stage (Morrison, lecture, 2011). SInce Gary is in a wheelchair, he can’t participate in regular activities in P.  E. classes. He has to have adaptive P. E. based on him not being able to walk. Watching the other kids playing on the basketball courts and playing football and stuff leaves him feeling left out. He isn’t building skills for a teamwork mentality like everybody else. He feels left out of the fun and probably puts himself lower than the rest of his peers. This would greatly hurt his self-esteem and competence. This could be an explanation for him crying after school and just not wanting to go Sunday nights. Although Erikson’s Psychological Theory can explain Gary’s problems in terms of missed of problems in developmental stages, Maslow can explain them more generically with his Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs has five stages, starting with the most primitive working towards more finite: biological and physiological needs (food, water, shelter, warmth), safety needs (protection and security), belonging and love needs (family, affection, relationships), esteem needs (achievement, status, responsibility), and self- actualization (personal growth) (Morrison, lecture, 2011). Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, I can analyze Gary and determine that it seems as if Gary isn’t fulfilling his esteem needs. He seems to have a low self esteem and a low sense of accomplishment. This is probably because he can’t do the same P. E. activities as the rest of the kids. Just being around a lot of kids that can walk and do things he can’t is probably the main reason for his sadness and not wanting to go to school. When he was at home all day, he had his parents to comfort him if he ever had questions about other kids. His parents might have actually over protected him, as in Gary wasn’t prepared to go to public school because his parents sheltered him from the truth of the real world and wasn’t ready for it. Since Gary is having trouble with his esteem needs, he cannot feel accomplished and move on to his self- actualization needs. He can’t grow as a person until the lower level needs are met. There are a lot of theories that people can use when analyzing peoples’ problems. But looking at Gary’s problems, Erikson’s Psychological Theory and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs were the ones I felt like could explain why Gary is having problems the best. Not every theory is applicable to every situation. These two theories made sense to me and I believe explained his problems the best out of all of the theories we have looked at in class. Between the two I used, I believe Erikson’s Psychological Theory explains it better than Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, but they both have some good points in this case study.

Comparison Essay: Susan Glaspell’s “the Jury of Her Peers”

Susan Glaspell’s â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers† and Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† are great examples of the use of symbolism in short story literature. â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers† tells the story of a murder investigation that takes place in Dickson County in the 1910’s, in which Minnie Wright is the main suspect. Welty’s piece, on the other hand, is a narration of an old black woman’s long journey to get her sick grandson a Christmas present, a selfless deed on Phoenix’s behalf. In both stories, the use of symbolism is clearly reproduced, in a similar manner, to develop the character and the situation.However, the depth and the complexity of those symbols, provides â€Å"A Worn Path† with a much better content-symbol relationship, which in turn, works better for the plot of the story. A character’s personality and main traits are amongst the most important elements in any literary piece and the use of sy mbolism is an excellent tool toward accomplishing roundness in a character. In â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers†, the bird (a canary) is the symbol used to describe Minnie’s character as â€Å"Real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and – fluttery† (208).This symbol embodies Minnie before she got married and was taken away by her husband to live in total isolation. Although the symbol is well presented in the story, it is done so in a literal way, which takes away from the meaning and interpretation to be given by the reader. The female characters in the story make allusion, in parts of their speech, to this symbol. This can be observed when one of the characters (the sheriff’s wife) says â€Å"She [Minnie] – come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself† (208), which covers in a few words, the meaning of the bird symbol.In contrast, in â€Å"A Worn Path†, the meaning of the symbol proposed to define the main character, is implied rather than literarily presented. Phoenix, which is the protagonist’s name, is also a mythical bird that is characterized by its strength, long life and the ability to rise from its own ashes after it dies. This interpretation, or any other that can be drawn in accordance to different mythologies, is not mentioned in any way along the story. It is implied and can only be deduced through the knowledge of the protagonist’s determination and drive.As she travels â€Å"up through pines† (6) and â€Å"down through oaks† (6), this old lady never even considers giving up and returning home empty handed. Similarly, the situation presented in both stories is also exposed through the use of symbolism. In â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers†, this symbolism is introduced in the form of a cage, which is home to Minnie’s canary but, at the same time, represents her current situation. The symbol in this case is used to show the isolation and confinemen t in which Minnie is living â€Å"down in a hollow†¦ lonesome place† (198). It is a universal symbol and, as such, can be easily interpreted. However, it is not a very deep one; it is does not take much effort for a reader to realize its meaning. In contrast, â€Å"A Worn Path† uses an authorial symbol, which only applies to the context of the story. This in no way means a better way of presenting the situation, but the way the symbol is put in the story does give it a deeper meaning. The paper windmill is, in this context, set to represent Phoenix’s situation.She is a â€Å"very old and small† (1) woman, frail and poor, which is exactly what the paper windmill is used to symbolize, a very fragile and cheap object. This symbolism can also be analyzed from Phoenix’s grandson’s point of view, as to him, it would be a symbol of generosity and kindness. No matter how poor they are, his grandmother spent money and effort to surprise him. As old Phoenix told the nurse in town, â€Å"He going to find hard to believe there such a thing in the world†, such is his perception of his grandmother.As shown before, symbolism is a great tool that, when used properly, can provide a short story with a lot of meaning and depth. It is an excellent way to imply significance to a simple element in a story and to provide a deeper sense of the reality to the reader. Welty’s piece, â€Å"A Worn Path†, achieves a higher level of connotation than Glaspell does in â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers†, where the meaning of the elements used as symbols are either explained within the piece, or too simple to have a deep meaning.Also, the combination of universal and authorial symbols provides â€Å"A Worn Path† with more ideas and conclusions to be drawn from the symbols presented. In conclusion, Welty makes better use of symbolism to accomplish a more complete piece. â€Å"A Worn Path† is an excellent example of the proper use of symbolism to deliver a story that is both deep and interesting. It provides the reader with an attention-grabbing plot as well as, implied ideas that give the reader a better sense of the significance of the symbols used without actually explaining them.WORK CITED Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers†. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Robert Zweig. 5th Compact ed. Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2012. 170. Print. Welty, Eudora. â€Å"A Worn Path†. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Robert Zweig. 5th Compact ed. Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2012. 270. Print. APPENDICES OUTLINE I. Introduction: Thesis statement the use of symbolism is clearly reproduced, in a similar manner, to develop the character and the situation.However, the depth and the complexity of those symbols, provides â€Å"A Worn Path† with a much better content-symbol relationship, which in turn , works better for the plot of the story. II. Body: A. First paragraph * Key idea: use of symbolism to define the protagonist. * â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers† * â€Å"A Worn Path† B. Second paragraph * Key idea: use of symbolism to set the situation in the story. * â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers† * â€Å"A Worn Path† C. Third paragraph * Key idea: Personal opinion on which story uses symbolism best. III. Conclusion The essay is summarized and a conclusion is presented from the points exposed throughout its content.

Moravians Migration into the Lehigh Valley, Pennslyvannia Term Paper

Moravians Migration into the Lehigh Valley, Pennslyvannia - Term Paper Example The earliest history of Bethlehem is connected to Bishop David Nitschamann who builds a church, which began the Moravian settlement (Levering 24). He bought a land where the people were settled, and this was the fundamental for the development of the Bethlehem. It is here that he builds the cabin, which became the first structure in Bethlehem. Originally, they were thirteen settlers who first settled at Bethlehem. The book â€Å"A History of Bethlehem†, by Joseph Mortimer Bishop explains of the migration of the Moravian to Bethlehem. It explains the cause of migration, and the settlement of the people in the new land (Township News 7). The article â€Å"city of Bethlehem† in 2008, also explains the challenges the people faced in the migration, reasons for migration. It also speaks of the people settlement in their new land. Mortimer the author of the book â€Å"A History of Bethlehem,† sees Nitschmann as being fundamental in the migration of Moravian to Bethlehem . Nitschmann belonged to the ancient Brethrens church. He was born in Moravia at Zauchtenthal. It is said that he suffered persecution because of his faith, and he had to free his native land. He fled Moravia in1724, and on 1732, he was one of first missionaries in St. Thomas from Moravian (Levering 28). It is said that he spent the rest of his life-spreading gospel, he is said to have contributed to the development of many settlement across the world before his death in 1771. The rest of the missionaries had a different upbringing before they came together in their missionary works and were among the founders of Bethlehem. The article on the City of Bethlehem, also mentions the role played by the first missionaries in the settlement of people in Bethlehem and the consequent growth of the city. The article however, does not explain in details the cause of the migration, but focuses on the settlement of the people in the new land. It focuses on the integration of the Moravian in thei r new surroundings. Both articles explain the reasons behind the naming of the city. The city can be said to have grown as a religion center. The city was named as Bethlehem as a way of glorifying God. The aim of the city was to be the center of missionary operation in the region. It had the same goals as the gospel itself, reclaiming the wilderness. The foundation stone for the second building was laid by Bishop Nitschmann. This was key to the establishment of the town as the religious center. The growth of town immediately the people settled in the region is another factor that the article emphasizes. The building was a two-story house was vital in the establishment of the town. It remained the house for the clergymen for many years. The church expanded tremendously, and by 1743, the congregation comprised of peoples who were in the settlement in the region (Levering 52). The congregation also received the name â€Å"fishers†, in reference to the bible where Andrew and pete r were called the fishers of men. Bethlehem grew to be the center of the economy. The Moravian had successfully introduced the city in their first settlement, and the city followed their beliefs. Many of the white settlers and other and the native Americas joined the church. The article s also explains of how the people arrived in the Jerusalem. The earliest people arrived in this place as missionaries, but the subsequent groups came at Bethlehem because of their own individual reasons.

Performance and Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Performance and Interpretation - Essay Example An art master great Rokem's Introduction cautiously delimits the range of his question to productions concerning the Shoah and the French Revolution two main turning points in history that Rokem declare "have formed our modern consciousness, in exacting our intelligence of the historical past as a series of disastrous failures of basic human values". Working from this underlying assumption, Rokem endeavors to explore "the restorative potentials of the theatre in trying to counteract the destructive forces of history", to examine how these two "failures of history" have been represented on stage, and to address "the ways in which these performances have communicated in different national and ideological contexts"(Theater Journal, 323-347). Great Rokem's exploration of these issues proceeds primarily through his detailed, insightful analyses of live or recorded performances, but also makes productive use of published production reviews, programs, interviews, artists' memoirs, and production-related archival documents. Performance Production And Reception The Introduction establishes the centrality of the actor in works that perform history, arguing that an actor performing a historical figure on stage "in a sense becomes a witness of the historical event". The actor is, in Rokem's conception, a "hyper-historian" who serves "as a connecting link between the historical past and the 'fictional' performed here and now of the theatrical event". Rather than attempting to elide the differences in time between the historical event and its theatrical performance as happens in many traditional historical and documentary dramas Rokem's "notion of performing history is based on strengthening or reinforcing the dialectics between" those times(K. K. Seet, 2000. 305). The first three chapters of Performing History provide theatrical case studies allowing Rokem to articulate the concepts of performing history and the actor/witness as "hyper-historian" in greater, more concrete detail. This section devotes less attention to the national or ideological context of performances as it considers productions acting, performance and interception which examined in this research relate to the French Revolution, the plays form a less unified grouping than found in history of the plays deal with the Marquis de Sade, the other does not; two are considered experimental works of collaborative creation, the other is not; two feature metatheatrical elements, the other does not; two depict "public events from the French Revolution which had very obviously distinct effects on the public sphere", the other does not. As a result, it is difficult to draw broader typological conclusions regarding these works; one of the plays generally stands as an exception to the principle under investigation. The consistency

Business organisation policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business organisation policy - Assignment Example Management consultant may be also viewed as lacking of familiarity with the organization and there might be lack of responsibility, accountability for results. Management consultant offers fresh perspective considering that in a certain company for instance, the CEO might be so confined with the issue that it would be hard enough to look for other fresh, new and reliable perspective. One of the ways to look at new perspective is to hire management consultant. Management consultants are known to be exposed to different perspectives considering that they try to tackle issues most often regarding business consultancy. Thus it is a fact that they have certain information that they might be able to use prior to making suggestions and explaining new perspectives. Management consultants are known as separate entities of the business. As such there is a remarkable reason to believe that they have no vested interest of the company for as long as they are paid on their service rendered. Unlike hiring those internal employees, vested interest is remarkably observed leading to more complex problem of the company in the long run. Management consultants are objective in giving their opinions and results. Management consultants have no specific time they intend to work for someone else. Thus, it is important to consider that they are of great help to managers who barely have time for management decision concerns. For legal, regulatory and ethical reasons, management consultants are more objective when it comes to giving results. Thus, it is important to understand that management consultants are paid to be objective enough in giving details and results for whatever the management wanted to find out. Hiring management consultant can be costly. This is due to the fact that the mere purpose why management consultants are rendering services is about making additional income. Thus, the management of a company must be able to provide monetary aspect in return of the services